During the 20th century, America’s system of higher education became the most admired in the world. This was due in no small part to the growing recognition of the importance of academic freedom and allowing faculty, because of their academic expertise, to play a major role in academic decision-making. The freedom to teach and conduct research, and to speak out on matters of institutional policy, were essential to the rise of American colleges and universities to a position of global preeminence, but these freedoms have never been fully protected as a matter of law.